Thailand’s growth rate is approximately 3.1%. There was a need for a family planning program which the government recognized and approved the opening of. There is a need for baseline information on fertility and attitudes toward family planning among married people of childbearing age. On the basis of this need, the objectives of this KAP study were: 1) to elicit information on family size and desired number of children; 2) to assess the knowledge, attitudes and practice of contraception, 3) to study the motivational factors related to family planning, and 4) to determine the differences between Buddhists and Moslems with regard to the above factors. The Rural Employment Survey, as it was called, included 1200 households but the questionnaire was completed by 823 of them. The findings revealed that: 1) most of the respondents had completed 4 years of school or fewer, 2) the average married woman in her 40’s had 5-6 children, 3) the great majority of men with 3 or more children said that they did not want any more children, 4) fewer than one fourth of the respondents knew a method of contraception, and 5) 7% of the couples were currently practicing family planning. Muslems in the study were more poorly educated, had higher fertility rates and wanted more children.